Researched and compiled by Dr. Richard Talbot MBE, M.Phil, F.R.Hist.S.

Personal Recollections

I have many good memories of my visits to the old Stoke Baths situated behind Stoke Library and the Minton Memorial Art School in London Road. I attended the baths for years, first learning to swim as a young lad from Boothen Junior School. All classes reaching the age of nine or ten. Mr. Carr, the senior teacher used to walk us from the school along London Road with trunks and towel tucked under our arms until we reached the entrance that appeared at the head of a narrow path between the library and the Art School. It was a single door entrance where stood a huge stone just to the right and the custom of us children was to touch it for luck as we entered. There were many thoughts of where it came from, mostly that of a meteorite from space, but the reality is that it was discovered whilst excavating Hanley Park Lake during its construction. The huge stone stood nearly a meter high and was placed there as a memorial to the great ice-age which brought the stone and deposited in the area of what was to become Hanley Park as the ice retracted from the south and bringing with it many deposits of grits and stones in the process of which much was deposited at nearby Sideway.

Apart from attending the baths under the educational system many children became regular attenders, purchasing, for what would be a few shillings, a season ticket lasting for a season or the whole of the summer school holidays. Apart from the usual splashing about and attempts at diving the baths maintained a very successful water-polo team.

Once through the door, the office where you paid your few pence for admission or presented your season pass was on the right. To the left, I recall were, the individual washing baths for local people who had no bathrooms at home which would be the majority who lived at Stoke at one time. Here you would also be able to pay a few pence for a clean towel in addition to the charge of the bath.

There was originally one pool later to became known as the ‘large bath’ when a second smaller bath was constructed in 1882[1] which was originally used for ladies, young learners, or young children. Both baths had changing cubicles down one side, with a rubber-type curtain that could be pulled across whilst changing. I recall whilst as a pupil from Boothen school that they had to be left open so the teacher could see that we were all drying off properly!

First Public Baths in the Potteries

The first public baths for washing in the Potteries was opened in 1824 at Burslem.[2] This was followed in 1849 by Eastwood[3] then Etruria in 1854. These two had the addition of bathing facilities as well as hot and cold washing baths. The new Hanley baths advertised Turkish baths opened in 1873 long after Stoke baths. The concept of a swimming facility in the town of Stoke brought significant benefits to the working classes of the potteries towns promoted by the leading industrialist and philanthropist of Stoke-upon-Trent, Mr. Herbert Minton[4] who in the first instance had instigated the campaign to bring

the luxury of both swimming but also to provide private baths for washing to the residents of the town with hot water and clean towels.

Mr Herbert Minton proposes a Baths for Stoke

It was in February 1856, that the first mention of the proposed new baths for Stoke was made by Mr. Herbert Minton, the eminent manufacturer of pottery who offered to give the magnificent sum £500 towards the building of a much-needed bathing facilities for the town of Stoke (value in 2023 £66,000).[5]

By this time, Mr. Minton had already displayed his charitable character in the building of Holy Trinity Church, Parsonage, and school at Hartshill, in addition to erecting a number of alms-houses, almost across the road from the church at Hartshill. It was only a month following this announcement that a site was being sought for his proposal at Stoke.  The Chief Bailiff of the town, Mr. Stanway had been appointed Chairman of a committee that was to deliver the baths following the donation from Mr. Minton.[6]

Finding a site for the Baths

The first site was an offer from Mr. James Dimmock, a pottery manufacturer who wished to place at the disposal of the committee one thousand yards of land on the corner of Park Street (now Park Street) at six shillings per yard and should his offer be met with approval, would subscribe £25 towards the costs of the baths. However, there had already commenced a search for an appropriate location. In the first place an approach had been made to the Rector of Stoke for a small section from his extensive Glebe lands but had not received any response. The Chief Bailiff also contacted Mr. Copeland for a piece of land and to Mr. Walley for land opposite the Vine Inn further along London Road – all to no avail.[7] The Chairman reported that Mr. Walley was not inclined to sell part of his land at the present time.

In the following April, Mr. Stringer, had been appointed secretary to the committee. In the meantime, an approach had been made to purchase the old town shambles in addition to an appeal to Sir Thomas Boughey the owner of considerable at the land in Boothen, again with little success. As a last resort an appeal was made direct to Mr. J. W. Tomlinson Esq (the Patron of Stoke church), but he responded that he had no powers to dispose of any Glebe Land.[8]

It was only two weeks following that Mr. Dimmock requested a reply to be sent to his office regarding his offer of 1000 yards of land at six shillings per yard together with a donation towards the building. By April 1856, things had started to move forward at a meeting of the committee to discuss the importance of establishing the public baths and also to consider a resolution supporting the health and comfort of the inhabitants of Stoke-upon-Trent. The meeting first accepted the generous gift of Mr. Minton of the sum of £500 towards the erection of a new public baths.

Memorial Building and Library Suggested

At this meeting the first mention appears of additions to the baths.  It was recorded that either a museum illustrating the history the pottery industry, a studio for advanced pupils of the school of art

and a free library which should be included in the project depending upon the available funds. The meeting was of the opinion that these proposals by Mr. Minton would certainly improve the production of his factory and increase the trade of the Staffordshire Potteries and the magnificent support he had donated to the inhabitants both local and nationally, and as a result he is now regarded as a public benefactor.[9] 

Public Meeting

The following day a public meeting of the inhabitants of the town met in the new market[10] to consider the best means to achieve their goal for the building of a new public baths. As a result of a negative response from others approached the Chairman who had met Mr. James Dimmock to discuss his offer. The land stretched from Park Street, (now Spark Street) fronting the turnpike road (now London Road) for a length of 1000 yards at six shillings per yard and land to the rear of the site at three shillings a yard. There was also an opportunity to add a further two-hundred yards at a later date if it became necessary together with a donation to the fund of £25.[11]

Subscription List Announced, Project Expanded and Architect Appointed

The next move was to set up a subscription list, not confined to the inhabitants of the Staffordshire Potteries, but also friends of Mr. Minton throughout the country who would be given the opportunity of testifying their appreciation of his character by contributing to this objective in which he takes an interest. This was followed by an approach to well-known architect, Mr. Charles Lynam to furnish the committee with drawings and an estimate of the cost together with an illustration of design of the proposed baths to be submitted to the committee.

It was the opinion of the meeting, that the outstanding services rendered by Mr. Herbert Minton over many decades, as both a manufacturer, and public benefactor given during many years of public service. A resolution was made that an additional fund as recommended be opened for the erection of a public building of good architectural merits on a site adjoining the proposed baths in which accommodation will be provided for a museum to illustrate the art of pottery, and its history and for a free library.

Although the appeal was made to support the proposed baths, there was also ample scope for the expenditure of a much larger amount than had currently been subscribed. The plans and designs of the building as a lasting memorial to Mr. Minton, were prepared by architects Messrs Murray of London and that it was hoped that in a few weeks’ time the foundation stone would be laid. The committee had such satisfaction in stating that if sufficient funds can be secured to enlarge the building, then the principal rooms could be occupied by the Council of the School of Art, an object in which Mr. Minton always took a lively interest would be fully realised. There would also be accommodation for a Free Library and for other beneficial objectives. The committee decided to appoint one of the finest architects in the country for the Memorial Building, Pugin & Murray of London.  

By September, the appeal for subscriptions to the baths project had got underway and a circular was distributed in the town, mostly of the working classes with little money. The committee realised this and widened their appeal to other pottery manufacturers in the city and places throughout the country where the work of Mr. Minton had been valued. It was hoped that while other parties would contribute handsomely to this appeal which would assist in an early completion of the baths and the desire that they may be opened by the end of the summer. Once the baths were completed work could then proceed on the Art School and a Free Library and reading room.[12]

Designs offered for Competition

By the following December, thoughts were focused on the proposed Art School and Messrs Lynam and Richman were authorised to prepare an architect’s impression of the proposed two-story building. This would then be added to the appeal literature.[13] However, despite good intentions in was not until the April 1857, that the plans for both the baths and the Minton Testimonial Building (Art School) were completed.[14] At this point progress was made in a positive direction with the decision that the designs for the Minton Testimonial and Public Baths be offered for competition in the hope that Mr. Lynam and Rickman would compete for them, and that Mr Lynam and Rickman be invited to submit their thoughts on paper.[15] At the same time a number of public concerts were being promoted to raise funds in the first instance in support of the baths.

Design For Baths and Memorial Building Selected

In June, a sub-committee had been appointed to widen the public awareness of the Minton Memorial by holding a competition by the submission of various architects drawings would then be viewed by the committee and the best submission chosen by ballot. In the first place, five would be chosen, which in the judgment of the committee represented the most merit. The sub-committee were instructed to invite either the architect or builder or both to give a presentation to the general committee on Monday evening the 29^th at 8 o’clock. It was agreed that a notice be posted on the Town Hall door that anyone would be allowed to make copies or take notes of the design exhibited of the proposed Minton Memorial and public baths. The final choice would be made by ballot of the committee members for whom had obtained their approval. The results were: – first design, sixteen votes, the second, one vote, third and fourth one vote and fifth, two votes. The winner of the competition for the best design was Mr. James Murray of London and Coventry.[16]

 

The committee commented that the chosen design was the most original and appropriate. The style of architecture is of the Venetian Gothic, and remarked that neither the mediaeval nor classic styles would be suitable in a Memorial building to a gentleman whose work belonged so much to the mediaeval as to the classic art. The style was deemed the most appropriate, while they regarded it well-adapted to the purpose in an articulate point of view. The external composition of this design is calculated to be very effective and presented a most picturesque appearance. Though not pretentious, the elevation had all the importance of a public building while it also showed something of a monumental character, particularly in the central portion of the front elevation entrance. The baths have a less important character, though they are quite harmonious with the main building. The architect stated that having passed their plans to the builder, they unhesitatingly guaranteed that their design would be carried out for the sum named in the publicity of £2,500.[17]

Foundation Stone Laid

One year later an announcement was made that Earl Granville had accepted an invitation to lay the foundation stone for the two buildings on the 21^{st of} July 1858.[18] In fact, it appeared that the whole town of Stoke entered into the spirit of the occasion. The event was rightly recorded in detail by the Evening Sentinel.

At early dawn, flags were hoisted on the tower of the parish church, the town hall, and at frequent intervals during the day the church bells rang out their delight in varying peels. The chief bailiff published an expression of his wish that, at noon business should be suspended and that all classes of inhabitants should join the procession. As the day advanced, many residents in the sister towns of the potteries started their walk to Stoke for the purpose of witnessing the ceremony, Her grace the Duchess of Sutherland and her youngest son, Lord Ronald Gower arrived also Earl Granville, KG, the Right Reverend, the Lord Bishop of Lichfield, Edward Wood, J. E. Heathcote, Colin Minton Campbell, and many other notables of the district. 

By 2 o’clock, a procession was formed in and around the town hall, and promptly one after another the band struck up lively airs, along with the fine toned church bells of St. Peter’s as the order to march was given. The procession passed from the town hall along Brook Street, Wharf Street, Church Street, High Street, Cross Street, down Hill Street, Eldon place (now Campbell Place) to the site of the proposed building, which is on the Trentham Road, (now London Road) at the corner of Park Street, (now Spark Street) and to the immediately vicinity of the Minton factory. The procession, whether regarded simply as a pageant or as a spontaneous tribute of the late Herbert Minton was a sight likely to live long in the memory of all present. Along the whole route the footpaths were thronged with eager spectators, and every window and doorway had its occupants; while here and there self-possessed individuals were observed perched upon lampposts to obtain a better view.

The spectacle presented was of people of all ages, anxious to obtain a favourable view on the proceedings where the ladies wore their best frocks and smiles and the men their Sunday best. In the course of the morning her grace the Duchess of Sutherland, with Lord Ronald Gower, arrived from Trentham Hall and were formally introduced to the other main guests – the Earl Granville and the Bishop of Lichfield and many other well-known dignitaries far too numerous to list here.

The laying of the first stone was to perpetuate the name and virtues of the late Herbert Minton Esq. The project commenced two years previously, with the intention to honour Mr. Herbert Minton who in the first place donated the sum of £500 towards its building. However, numerous obstacles intervened to prevent the realisation of the project during Mr. Minton’s lifetime, but he always expressed a vision to receive even the smallest appreciation by the public for doing what he considered to be his duty to God and his fellow men.

This peculiarity of Mr. Minton’s character who kept back many of his most intimate friends from aiding an object, which otherwise they would have been most active in promoting. Notwithstanding this and other impediments, a considerable sum of more than £1,500 had been raised since 1856, a figure far from adequate to fulfil all the objectives. The committee who remained resolved that time should not be lost in carrying out a project of public interest. It was understood that the sum required to complete this Memorial Building (art school) and the baths was about £1,000. What remained to complete the baths will be raised by the people of the town. When completed, the building will offer excellent accommodation for the school of art, to which Mr. Minton was an important benefactor. There was also planned to be a museum, and a free library for all classes concluded Earl Granville.

When all were seated or gained a good viewing point the Chief Bailiff advanced to the foot of the platform, and addressed Lord Granville, presenting his Lordship the trowel with which he would perform the stone laying. However, before making the presentation of the trowel he offered a few observations on the circumstances which had bought this assembly of dignitaries and working classes together. It was rather more than two years since the late Herbert Minton announced his intention of retiring from the business with which for nearly half a century he been so honourably connected, and of closing his career as a manufacture by adding to his many acts of munificence that of giving £500 towards the establishing of Public Baths in Stoke.

Lord Granville, before the laying of the foundation stone turned and addressed the huge crowd:

“It was considered that no one since the days of Wedgwood had contributed so much to the importance of the Staffordshire Potteries and that it was mainly owing to the efforts of Josiah Wedgwood over so many years that a number of local potters were to exhibit their ware into the competitions at the Great Exhibition held in London in 1851. Herbert Minton, during his lifetime was free from anything like self-seeking, was distinguished by his great courtesy towards all those with whom he came into contact and by his respect and treatment of his work people and their dependents, Lord Granville continued.

Herbert Minton enjoyed the esteem and regard of a wide circle of friends, and therefore the promoters of the Memorial Building felt that they might appeal to many who had no local connection with the district, but who would consider it an honour to contribute towards the erection of a building which was to bear his name. That appeal was made, and the response came from all parts of the country, and in such a manner as to enable the committee to commence a building of which he believed they might be justly proud – Here – Here.”[19]

Following several more paragraphs of his opening speech, Lord Granville presented the trowel to his Lordship.

The cavity under the foundation was prepared for the reception of the following articles – a Morocco and Velvet case, containing proof impressions of all the current coins of the realm supplied direct from the mint at Birmingham; a small tazza in Paliasy ware; a small flowerpot in perforated porcelain, and a bust in parian of the Lady Constance Grosvenor all of which were enclosed in a Parian Caladon vase the mouth of which was covered by an earthen ware plate; a small Indian jar containing a copy of the Times of the day and copies of the Staffordshire Advertiser and the Staffordshire Sentinel. At its conclusion of laying in the foundation stone it was then covered by an oblong plate bearing the following inscription – The foundation stone of this building, erected by subscription as a memorial to the late Herbert Minton Esq of Stoke-upon-Trent, to commemorate his success as a manufacturer and his virtues as a citizen, was laid by Earl Granville, K. G. On Wednesday, the 21^st day of July in the year of our Lord 1858. The building, designed by Pugin and Murray, Architects and built by Mr. Robert Young, builder of Lincoln; and conducted under the control of Mr. Robert Edgar, Stoke, as clerk of the works.

School of Art, Library, Museum, Savings Bank and Baths

The proposed building included accommodation for a school of art, and it was expected that as soon as it was completed, the school, currently situated in part of the town hall, which is not adequate for the purpose will re-locate to the new building. There will also be sufficient space for a free library, museum, savings bank, and other features relating to the welfare of the working classes. Adjacent to the Memorial building will be the public baths. These will be situated behind the Memorial building where there will a commodious swimming bath, with open roof and well lighted will be included providing numerous dressing rooms, and all the necessary conveniences. The entrance for the new baths will be via a new entrance as part of the Minton Memorial situated in Park Street, (now Spark Street).

Most of the manufactures of the district attended on the day to show their respect to the memory of one who so long laboured amongst them and possessed so much of their esteem. There was a cold buffet provided at the Railway Hotel following the ceremony, and the committee would be pleased if every gentleman endeavoured to bring a lady with them, so that the assembly may be representative of the community.

Celebratory Meal & Activities

It was shortly after 3 o’clock, that about a hundred ladies and gentlemen sat down to the meal in the handsome assembly room at the town hall. The chief bailiff presided; and on his right sat Mrs. Edward Wood, Earl Granville, Mr. Edward Wood, and Mrs. N. P Wood; and on his left Mrs. Campbell, the Bishop of Lichfield, Mr. Campbell, and Mrs. Keary. The Vice-Chairman’s were Mr. Josiah Dimmock and Mr. Charles Keeling and several leading dignitaries and pottery manufacturers.

At the same time, the workers who attended the stone laying ceremony from Minton’s factory, as a special treat were invited to Trentham Park where a huge effort had been made to reward the workers with refreshments and enjoyment.

Procuring a Water Supply

There was no public water supply yet available to serve the baths and therefore in June 1858, tenders were being sought for the installation of a 2 ½ inches pipe from Mr. Snead’s corner to Chapel Street (now Epworth Street) and onto the public baths. The quotation for £53 was accepted subject to satisfactory arrangements with the police. It appears that the committee gave serious attention to finalise the terms upon which the Memorial building allocated rooms for a school of design. [20]

Bazaar to Raise Funds

In March 1860, the committee announced that a bazaar in aid of the funds for erecting public baths would be held in the assembly room town hall Stoke on Tuesday and Wednesday the 24^th and 25^th of April next and the following ladies had kindly consented to hold stalls and would be thankful to receive contributions: Mrs. Smith Child and Mrs. M. D. Hollins, Mrs. C. M. Campbell and Mrs. H. Allen or Mrs. Keary and Mrs. Samuda, Mrs. Dickinson and numerous other lades.

Notice of the pending bazaar was advertised to be held in Stoke Town Hall in support of the new public baths led by the Lady Patroness the Duchess of Sutherland, the Marchioness of Stafford, the Countess of Shrewsbury and Talbot, the Countess of Lichfield, Lady Hatherton, Lady Catherine Ricardo. Followed by a list which would fill any local Gazetteer. It was announced that the bazaar would be held on Tuesday and Wednesday the 24^th and 25^th and doors were to open from 11 am to 6 pm.

On the two days set aside for the occasion the bells of St. Peter’s Church, opposite to the Town Hall rang at intervals merry peals in honour of the day. Mr. Hollins’ Quadrille Band supplied the music in the town hall on Tuesday whilst Mr. Worrall’s Band the following day.

The ladies of Stoke, with their accustom zeal and liberality when any good object is to be served, exerted themselves into cause. The result of their efforts aided by the willing assistance of friends was, that goods of the value of £1,500 were donated for the bazaar. The committee were fortunate enough to secure the full support of the Patroness, which in many cases meant something of more material value than the more lending of their names – the Duchess of Sutherland the Marchioness of Stafford, the Countess of Shrewsbury, and the Countess of Lichfield plus many other notable ladies of the district all supported the cause.

The bazaar was held, as announced on Tuesday and Wednesday in the town hall, Stoke, and passed off with success exceeding the rather sanguine expectations of the organisers. Considerable taste was displayed in the arrangements and fitting up of the stalls and the decorations of the hall, which presented an elegant and effective appearance. The stalls, nine a number, were arranged around the hall, one on each side of the entrance doors were devoted to refreshments. The stores designed by Mr. Rice and constructed by Messes Steel and Clerk of Stoke were exceedingly pretty themselves and were surmounted by a variety of national flags and decorated with pictures and numerous specimens of feminine handicrafts forming a picture which was peculiarly animated and effective. Financially the bazaar raised the magnificent sum of £742. (£142,000 in 2023)

Drinking Fountain and Water Supply

One fact to come to light was the interest in a drinking fountain to be placed on the corner of Minton Hollins factory at the junction of Park Street, and London Road in August 1859. It as it was stated at a meeting held on 3 August 1859 that the committee had consented to pay two thirds of the expenses of conveying the water from Mr. Sneyd’s freshwater spring in Hill Street for the joint use of the public fountain at the bottom of Park Street and also for the use of the public baths. (I recall as a child drinking from this fountain) The work was carried out by Mr. Smith at a cost of laying the pipes to the baths and fountain for the sum of £53.

At the same time, it was agreed that the Minton Memorial Building could commence letting out rooms to yearly tenants from the 29^th of September that year (1859).

It is not clear what happened to this water supply, probably the location was built over or contaminated as in August 1879 the minutes of the baths committee proposed a supply be taken from the Park Well and other sources.[21] It is also interesting to note the same subject arose later in 1879 as the water supply from the spring was running out. It was noted in the minute book that Messrs Smith be instructed to bore for water behind the baths to a depth of thirty feet to see if water was located.[22] The matter of a water supply for the baths was once more raised in May 1880 that the town surveyor must take all necessary steps to intercept the water flowing down Park Street in order that the same may be used at the baths.[23]

Exhibition and Concert

By mid-January 1860, an exhibition and concert was given in the town hall in aid of the baths fund. The highlight of the evening was to view the new the powerful oxyhydrogen light, photographic images of the Crystal Palace and other interesting views. This was followed by the concert where several ladies and gentlemen had given their services.[24]

Funds Raised for the Minton Memorial Building

Funds for the new Minton Memorial Building was raised by a combination of both local and a much wider national appeal of pottery manufacturers, artists and associates and friends of the late Herbert Minton in support the project. By February 1860, the magnificent sum of £1,552 five shillings and two pence had been donated. In addition, the total amount raised at the Bazaar in aid of the public baths was £742. (£142,000 in 2023)

Baths Ready for Use and Caretaker Sought

By February 1860, the baths were up and ready for use and with it came the need for a resident caretaker. The Sentinel ran the advert noting that the baths committee wished to obtain the services of a married man without family, to reside in the house attached to the Minton Memorial building and attend to the duties of baths keeper. His wife would be required to attend the ladies baths, and to clean the whole of the rooms in the building. Testimonials to support the applications were to be sent to the office of William Keary Esq[25], Stoke, not later than Saturday, 3rd March. The salary at this point had not been decided.[26]

Opening of the Baths

It was announced in the press that the opening of the new public baths would take place in the middle of May.  Those who are fond of bathing would at last be delighted with the excellent facilities that were offered to them. The building consisted of a swimming pool, forty feet long and twenty-five feet wide, the sides of which are lined with glazed bricks in colours and the bottom laid with Minton and Hollins tiles. There are six handsomely fitted up first-class private baths for the gentleman and four ladies and the same number of second-class private baths. A splendid elaborate entrance in Park Street with a large vestibule to the baths connected to the Minton Memorial building was built at the same time as the memorial. The admission prices were advertised as extremely moderate, for a first-class private bath sixpence; for second-class 3d; for swimming 2d which included a towel; those above eight years of age would be admitted to the latter for one penny without towels and for one and a half pence including towel. Subscription to the baths of £2 two shillings and entitled them to hundred tickets of admission, and £1 one shilling for fifty tickets and ten shillings and sixpence to twenty-five tickets.[27]

It is quite a surprise to read that after so much publicity for the initial laying of the foundation stone and all the other public events which followed that the baths were opening without ceremony, but in recognition of its immediate success it was reported that from the Tuesday opening to the close of business on the Thursday that two hundred and eleven patrons had used the swimming baths. With regards to the private baths the first and second class had been visited by no less than seventy males and yet only one female probably on account of the male occupations being far dirtier with manual labour or even being modest of undressing in a public facility[28]

First Newspaper Reference to the new Stoke Baths

The first reference to the new Stoke baths came in a simple advert in the Sentinel in October 1860 that the decision was made that the baths were to remain open during the winter months from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. No doubt by this time the usage of the facilities had surpassed all expectations especially the private baths where people could enjoy for the first time a hot bath once a week, normally on a Friday. It must be remembered at this time that most of the working class in the town lived in terraced houses with a Duckett lavatory[29] at the bottom of the yard discharging directly into the sewer with no other facilities except the kitchen sink for washing where hot water was provided either by a kettle on the gas stove or a large saucepan on an open fire. It was the same means of heating water for those with tin baths, stored in the back yard and placed in front of the kitchen fire for the weekly bath, cleanest first, dirtiest last.

Temperature of Baths Raised

Keen to maintain attendances as the weather changed to winter the committee agreed that the temperature of the swimming baths from the 1^st of November would be raised to suit the season. By this time, it was noted that the baths were not only paying their way but left a balance in hand. However, as a result of the additional heating costs during the winter season the admittance was increased to 2d including a clean towel. The cost for the slipper private baths was 6d.[30]

Price Increase

The arrival of the summer season in 1861 brought a further price increase of 6d for the period from 6 a.m. to 12 noon, no doubt because of its popularity during these hours. The baths were closed on a Monday. However, to compensate for the increase of admission all patrons would be allowed two towels each, suggesting that the towels would only be small hand towels. It was announced that the baths would continue to open during the winter months but opening times were set from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. with the additional charge of 2d for each person to cover the additional heating costs.

Trustees Re-elected

In April 1861, it was decided to re-elect the trustees of the baths and that the property be surrendered to the new trust. Those elected were Mr. Dickinson, William Keary, William Garner, F.E. Pratt, Mr. Colin Minton Campbell, Mr. J Dimmock, Mr. William Bishop, Mr. W.T. Copeland, Mr. George Jones, and Mr. J.H Adams.[31]

Concern About the Debt

By the end of the year, concerns were expressed regarding the debt that remained on the two buildings and what could be done to raise finances in the short term. A meeting of the trustees was called where the accounts were submitted. It was resolved that the accounts be printed, copies of which sent to all the subscribers with an appeal for further contributions and that Mr. W. Dimmock and Mr. Keary be requested to call upon Mr. Hollins and Mr. Baker and other influential inhabitants to head the new appeal in an attempt to increase subscriptions towards meeting the deficiency.[32]

Despite concerns regarding the outstanding debts on the baths building account in 1863, it was announced that the baths had been a financial success as the records showed a surplus against the expenditure for the previous year of £175 19 8d. A substantial surplus. The total revenue amounted to £394. 11s 4d. The committee further announced that the baths would remain open to both subscribers and the public for the summer season. Both the private baths and the swimming baths would remain open each day but closed on Sundays.[33]

Attendances at the Baths

By 1863, a report on the attendance for the previous year provided figures that Stoke baths was financially sound and an outstanding success[34] further-more the annual report stated that in the first year since the baths were opened there were 5328 admissions, in the following year there were 7694 admissions, in the third year 5683. Then for the summer season from the 1^st of May to the end of September the attendance surpassed all expectations with 9187 attendees. Following further observations, the Chairman, referred to the comments which had appeared in the Sentinel the previous Saturday regarding the Minton Memorial building, making a number of humorous remarks regarding a Letter to the Sentinel compiled by Mr. Stewart.[35]

Competition Between the Pottery Towns

Before the amalgamation of the six towns in 1911 competition between the pottery towns could be described as severe with point scoring at every opportunity frequently being targeted at the provision of public buildings and council facilities where competition appeared the most. Swimming baths were not exempt. Challenges were made in the Sentinel with regards to a new proposed public swimming baths in the town of Hanley. Following the towns initial consideration of a plan of 1860 it was not until 1871 that the Town Council after careful deliberation agreed to proceed and agreed to accept a large piece of land containing a house and gardens at the top of Lichfield Street.

Once this first suggestion was made, several Letters to the Editor of the Evening Sentinel frequently started to appear in support, and as expected certain “facts” became distorted in the communications to the Sentinel for political reasons against other towns within Stoke-on-Trent.

Letter to the Editor – 10^th August 1863

The following Letter to the Editor appeared on the 10^{th of} August 1863, two years after the first intimation and typical of many.

Dear Sir

Having lived in Hanley for some years, I have researched of that great convenience, a good swimming bath now found at Stoke and Burslem have become well used and popular to the people for other towns. However, I fail to understand why Hanley, the largest town in the Potteries should be behind these two towns as I am convinced, if a new pool was built in Hanley they would be well supported and soon pay with a return on the costs. I have attended many times to both Stoke and Burslem and was surprised to see so many from Hanley, all of which travelled a distance. If public baths were nearer to them, rather than a four mile walk to get a hot bath keeps many from going who would otherwise often go.

I was in the hope someone would have taken the matter up with more ability than myself, but as the one armed to bring it foreword I thought if the appeal were once started some of the leading gentlemen of the town would perhaps take more interest in this as I am sure even from a sanitary point of view it would be seen as a very welcomed weekly benefit to the working classes. If you will be kind enough to insert this in your valuable paper, I will much be obliged.

Letter to the Editor – A Working Man 10^th of August 1863

Letters to the Editor continued but not as frequent. However, the following dated October 1863 appeared shortly after the one from “A Working Man”, 10^th August 1863 followed quoting on the same subject referring to the new public baths being built in the town of Hanley, a different Borough than that of Stoke. It was written rather mischievously in relation to the new proposed baths, stating that Hanley had led the way, when in fact Stoke had led the way.

Sir – Whilst we admire the public spirit shown by Hanley in the erection of a handsome and commodious public baths, we cannot allow the statement that – Hanley had set an admirable example – in this respect to go uncorrected. The fact that the Stoke baths, promoted in the first instance by the magnificent donation of £500 from the late Mr. Herbert Minton, opened in the year 1860, 14 years before those at Hanley, and having been in continuous use every day except Sundays during the summer months, and twice a week in the winter months.

Leaving out of the comparison the luxurious Turkish Baths, the baths at Stoke are, relatively to population, somewhat larger than those at Hanley, containing twelve private bathrooms, four of them for ladies, and a swimming bath with 300,000 gallons of water. It may be an encouragement to other towns desirous of having public baths, to know that although there was a small loss on the working during the first five or six years, yet, since then, and while maintaining both plant and buildings in perfect repair, there has been a profit each year, out of which not only the deficiency of the early years, but also the remaining debt on the original outlay has been entirely cleared off, and all this without one penny of assistance from the rates.

Your obedient servant, Stoke[36]

Evening Sentinel Reports

Little, if anything was recorded of interest within the pages of the Evening Sentinel regarding the baths or the Minton Memorial. In the following years October1872 a report leans more towards the emphasis being given to education, and learning being offered in the Minton Memorial to subjects in relation to those that will advance the knowledge associated with the technical side of the pottery industry: –

The School of Science classes will be held during the winter months by popular demand as follows: mathematics Tuesday at 7 to 9 p.m. For acoustics light and heat classes will be held on a Tuesday from 7 to 9 p.m. Advanced chemistry and chemical analysis also held on Tuesdays 8 to 9:30 p.m. whereas human physiology was held on a Friday at 6.45 p.m. and alimentary chemistry and laboratory practice again on Fridays from 7 to 9.30 p.m. once more confirming the Minton Memorial as a progressive place of learning.  

“Terms: The charges for the entrance fee last term were two shillings per month, if taught by pupil teachers (trainee teachers) but will be reduced to half price for the chemistry classes. Each student would be provided with apparatus for his own use, subject to conditions which may be obtained on application from the secretary. Prizes in the form of books and money will be offered for competition by several gentlemen in the locality, in addition to the Department of Science and Art.

All students intending to join any of these classes are requested to meet in the science classroom at the Minton Memorial Building on Friday, 25 October 1872 at seven p.m.[37]”

Provision of a Second Swimming Bath

By this time the single bath was frequently full to capacity with swimmers and thoughts were moving to the provision of an additional pool. However, little was reported until April 1882, when the committee agreed to proceed. The contractor for the work Mr. Richard Bradbury was paid the sum of £500 on account of his estimation for the work involved.  Other contractors were Messrs Dean Lowe and Machin for equipment £200 and Messrs Grr and Pembleton the sum of £50 for machinery and gas light fittings.[38]

The work involved to incorporate an additional bath included the removal of the large 1863 entrance situated in Spark Street which can be just about be made out on the original proposed sketch and part of the Minton Memorial. This substantial entrance was removed, and the area used for the construction of a smaller bath. The main entrance was then moved to what became a smaller entrance located between the library and the Minton Memorial Building.

For some unknown reason the new smaller baths in the first place were referred to in June 1882 and again in June the following year as the 2^nd class swimming baths.[39] It has not been an easy job to find the exact date that the second pool was opened. However, supportive evidence confirmed that it was opened to the public following April 1882 as the “furnishings and other matters connected to the opening” was discussed at committee meeting earlier that month.[40]

The records show that with this additional pool more flexibility to the uses of the baths was possible for in August 1883 the Spittals Workhouse was granted permission for the workhouse children to use the pool each Monday morning from 7 a.m.[41] and later in 1886 the Stoke Swimming Club were allowed exclusive use one evening a week from 8 p.m. to 9.30 p.m.[42] Later the Ladies Swimming Club were allowed to use the smaller pool at the charge of two shillings each week for a period of three months.[43] Then in 1890 all children under the age of thirteen were admitted to the baths on season tickets for half price.[44]

Stoke Council Adopts the Baths

By 1903, the baths had become administered by Stoke Council but during its tenure the public were becoming concerned at the poor state of the premises causing serious decline in admission receipts due to neglect of the authority. In fact, the council never commented on the reasons for the decline in numbers, but the reality was a huge reduction in revenue directly caused by the new administration and the lack of investment which soon become evident as many rooms were recorded as being dilapidated, unkept with little or no maintenance, plaster falling off the walls, corners thick in cobwebbed. In addition, the floor matting looked as though it “had not been shaken since prehistoric times”, and the shower compartments displayed a dilapidated appearance. The heating was out of control, so high that many bathers dressed “at the speed of a quick-change artist” and hastened into the open air. One correspondent commented that it was no wonder that the baths were not being used by the regulars patrons. The general consensus was that Stoke Corporation should have the building thoroughly repaired, modernised, and cleaned throughout. Then, and only then could the council expect a return of patrons and an increase in receipts.[45]

Two years later, both baths were back in business breaking all attendance record and recorded for the month of April 1888 attendance being 1468 not quite exceeding the record of 1554 for the same period in 1887.[46] For the same period Stoke Swimming Club were allowed the use of the large bath during the hours of 8 p.m. to 9.30p.m. in addition they were also allowed to hire the baths for an additional evening at the end of May for a ‘Swimming Entertainment Evening’ from 6 p.m. at a nominal charge of ten shillings.[47]

Request to Floor over the Swimming Baths During the Winter

By the mid-1920s a rather strange letter was received by the baths, markets, and fairs committee. It was from Mr. G.D. Green, of The Brampton, Newcastle-under-Lyme enquiring on what terms the committee would be prepared to charge for the hire of the Stoke swimming baths if it were covered with a floor and let it for the purpose of the local badminton club to be formed during the winter months. The committee resolved that the borough surveyor be instructed to prepare a specification for the covering over of the bath area so that it could be used also for concerts, dances etc, in an attempt to bring in extra revenue during a period when swimming receipts were considerably lower. The surveyor was instructed to obtain an estimate of implementing the work for submission to the committee at its next meeting. Nothing else was ever heard of the proposal.

Application From the Tunstall Catholic Amateur Swimming Club

An application from the Tunstall Catholic Amateur Swimming Club was submitted for twelve free session tickets to be offered as prizes to children on their becoming proficient in swimming. The Town Clerk reported that in accordance with the regulations passed at the last meeting of the committee had notified all local amateur swimming clubs in each area of the Borough that six tickets for boys and six tickets for girls had been granted to each club and stated that the present application was for an additional twelve tickets to be allotted to the Tunstall area. It was resolved that in the event of the Tunstall Catholic swimming club forwarding names of children who have qualified that they will receive three months free entry tickets.[48]

News of a Drowning

Sadly in 1921, the news that a boy had drowned in the baths, probably the result of a fit according to the Coroner Mr. Hugh. The boy, was named as Alfred James McLoughlin, aged twelve, who lived with his parents at 108, Fletcher Road, Boothen. The boy’s mother, who gave evidence said that he had suffered bouts of fits which came on suddenly and caused him to fall. He last had a fit about a fortnight previous. A boy aged eighteen who was at the side of the pool at the time gave evidence. He had heard several boys shouting that there was someone under the water. The witness thereupon jumped in and got the deceased out of the water who was lying flat on his face at the bottom of the bath and stating that he appeared lifeless as when he was brought to the side of the bath.[49]

Water Polo

Each town within the newly formed Borough of Stoke-on-Trent had for many years had their own water Polo team this being a favourite sport, sufficient to form a series of league fixture across the city and the Midlands. It would appear that the Stoke team had a good reputation in this competitive sport and the Sentinel reported that at a recent challenge at Stoke, its home team had an easy victory over Longton, winning by nine goals to three.

Complaints about the Baths and Consideration of a New Baths

With a continual drip-feed of complaints regarding the poor standard of the baths, in 1929 there was a move to rebuild a new public swimming baths in the town. In the first instance, the estates committee of the City Council considered the question of installing a filtration plant in the existing baths, but the point was that the current admission prices did not justify the huge expense of a water filtration system. In addition, there was also on the agenda the provision of public baths at Fenton. The committee inspected Pratt’s works at Fenton the site which had been previously suggested as most suitable for the provision of a new public baths. In the opinion of the committee, the provision of baths in the area was necessary, and the site known as Pratt’s works was described as perfect for the purpose. The committee resolved: that the city surveyor obtain a report of Mr. G.P. Hyslop, mining engineer to examine the site with a view to preparing a complete set of proposals.[50]

Despite many complaints concerning the condition of the baths at Stoke, a report on the proposals were not presented until February 1936. It was then reported by the baths and markets committee that the Chief City Architect had presented a report on the revised scheme for the provision of a new swimming baths in Wharf Street, Stoke, and submitted plans and estimates amounting to £81,000 to completion of the work. It was recommended that the scheme be approved, and that application be made to the Ministry of Health to sanction a government loan to carry out the proposal.

Sadly, things did not work out as planned for the finance committee who recommended that the proposed new baths be deferred on the grounds that other council buildings may be converted into a bathing pool and therefore be suitable and convenient for that purpose and to ascertain whether the sum of £1,200 – the amount set aside in the architects report and rental, would be obtained first.[51]

By October, the path appeared clear for a new purpose-built public bath and the council were about to obtain the go ahead from the Ministry of Health. But things remained static as the original plans had been reduced further to an estimated cost of £65,000, a sum already approved by the City Council but now waiting for the final decision from the Ministry to borrow the necessary funding. But all did not sit well.

The City Council approved a recommendation by the Estates Baths and Markets committee that the amended scheme already prepared by the chief architect for the provision of new swimming baths in Wharf Street, Stoke, amounting to £65,000 be approved. However, typical of political interference, Cllr. W.H. Kemp moved the reference back from recommendation stating he considered that the council should first obtain the fullest details presented before them before any vote was taken on the scheme. He was aware that the figure of £65,000 represented a considerable reduction on the cost of the original one, but there were other swimming baths in the city which demanded serious attention and therefore he viewed that before the council spent £65,000, they should first have the fullest details and also consider any other sites suitable for the proposed baths. On this occasion the proposal by Cllr. Kemp was not seconded, and therefore the plan was finally approved.[52]

It was recommended that for the proposed new swimming baths at Stoke, to purchase the Duke of York Hotel in Wharf Street, along with two shops adjoining which were required for the scheme to proceed for the sum of £1,300.[53] A Ministry of Health enquiry into the new proposal was held in Stoke Town Hall on the 29^th of June 1938. There was no opposition to the proposals submitted.[54] Following this meeting the council confirmed that the £65,000 scheme could proceed.

Thinking that all was finally sorted, the Ministry of Health responded that they were satisfied that the improved bathing facilities were needed in Stoke and that the proposed site was suitable, but however wished to meet the council for further discussions. But as always, yet a further issue presented itself just when the council were ready to proceed when a deputation from Stoke was asked to meet the Ministry to discuss more details of the scheme before the council agreed to proceed. But the meeting did not go well, and the Ministry suggested further cost cutting of the latest scheme to be modified and reduced to £50,000 considerably, less than the original plan.

Nothing was reported regarding this later delay. As a consequence, Councillor Mr. E. Holloway, inquired if any progress had yet been made in connection with the building of the new baths at Stoke or would it be after the war. The town clerk responded that the Ministry of Health had requested the plans be amended and costs reduced to an agreed figure of £50,000.[55]

Stoke Baths as ARP in WW2

As the country was now at war with Germany and all matters such as capital expenditure was put on hold. As a result, Stoke baths were commissioned for the purpose of decontamination, and like numerous other public buildings were seconded by the ARP although the private baths for washing purposes remained open.[56]  

Man Scolded to Death in Private Baths

Despite the swimming baths being closed, the private washing baths remained available. Two years before the end of the war in 1943, a tragic incident took place when an elderly man was scolded to death in the private bathing baths on Christmas Eve. The Coroner Mr. G.W. Huntbatch described the circumstances leading to the death of William Frederick at the inquest bringing a verdict of accidental death. Mr Lloyd aged seventy-five, was a retired licensee who had been living at the Salvation Army Hostel. Evidence was given that Lloyd was found in a huddled position in a slipper filled with hot water, which had reached a temperature of 124°f. It was found once the body had been removed and emptied that there was a leakage from the hot water inlet valve. There were large blisters on the limbs and trunk of Mr. Lloyd, and death was recorded as – due to scolding. There was evidence that before dying Mr. Lloyd had made efforts to get out of the bath. It was an hour after that his body was discovered. Mr Lloyd death was recorded as due to scolding.[57]

Re-opening of the Baths After WW2

Once the war was over an attempt was made to bring some normality back and finally the baths throughout the city were re-opened, at least for the summer months.[58]

The years following the war little or nothing regarding the building of the new public bath despite the war being over finances remained restricted. So yet again the old Stoke baths continued to be used extensively by both schools for teaching children the art of swimming, sports and also the general public.

Swimming following the war became an important part of life in the city including Stoke. There were serious swimming competitions between the cities local schools and midland competitions at the venue also other public baths within the city had its own swimming team which were in regular competition. Polo became the most competitive sport, and each pool had its own team. Stoke team was there at the top of the league on many occasions. 

During all this time following the first intention of building new baths in Wharf Street in the 1930s and then the commencement of WW2, little or nothing was recorded regarding a new public swimming pool for the town of Stoke except the odd criticism regarding the physical condition of the old baths in London Road. There was nearly a thirty-year gap before the matter was raised again following a report in the Evening Sentinel in March 1960 its headline “City Dream of Super Bath now outdated”. The report stated that North Staffordshire was drifting further and further away from the national swimming baths standard.[59] However, it was not long before an article appeared in the press quoting Alderman J. A. Boon who declared at a full meeting of the council “that the city needed urgently three additional modern baths in a different location.” Despite this urgent appeal Alderman W. C. Rowe stated that two of the baths were ‘reasonable’ even if they were not modern casting doubt on the need for change.[60]

Jehovah’s Witnesses Baptisms

One other interesting item appeared in the Evening Sentinel in August 1964 when a rather unusual use was made of the baths, and probably the only one in Stoke on Trent. The Jehovah’s Witnesses were holding a conference of more than three thousand delegates at the nearby King’s Hall. It was a three-day event and during the time twenty-eight new ministers were allowed to be baptised in the smaller bath by complete immersion in the water on the Friday morning of the event.[61]

Proposals for a New Baths

There was little reported on the subject of new baths, except that work was being prepared on finding the right location which was free of mining subsidence.  With the passing of time since the 1930s questions were now being asked if three baths in the city was really necessary any longer as people now have their own transport, and therefore one central site would be preferred that could accommodate both a swimming pool of Olympic standard along with a stadium and other features including a remedial suite. These facilities would attract regional events as well as local. The site chosen was Fenton Manor, adjacent to Stoke on Trent 6^th form college and a large site with available access via either Victoria Road or City Road. All this and more were announced in the press in January 1976, sixteen years after it was first debated in the council chamber.[62]

From this date all eyes and expectations were focused on the opening date for the public to both admire and enjoy the new long-awaited facilities. During the time that the new baths were under construction the old baths, one hundred and eleven years old remained in use until one week prior to the official opening of the new facility at Fenton.

Fenton Manor Baths

The opening was set for Thursday 26^th October 1976. It was described as the £1 million showpiece. The main pool was stated as up to national standard and the nearest diving facilities better than those proposed for Stoke, was over forty miles away at Birmingham. The other facilities included both a Turkish and Russian bath, slipper bath, showers, and cold plunge. There was seating for in excess of 350 spectators in a poolside balcony.

It was built at a site next to Stoke’s Sixth Form College where it would be a great asset to them and encouragement for young swimmers of the city and to engage regional competitions. Work on the site had commenced in 1972 but building was not without its problems as the contractors went into liquidation and the City Works Dept had to take over the contract.[63] The admission prices were– Adults 35p and under 16s – 15p.

Stoke Baths Closed

But what of the old pool in London Road built in memory of Mr. Herbert Minton who donated £500 towards its construction. An attempt was made to auction it in January 1978 but failed to attract any buyers and failed to sell.[64]  So after all these years where thousands of children were taught to swim and enjoyed themselves in the process in addition to thousands of working-class people of the town with dirty occupations and with nothing but a tin bath on the hearth was where they came to have their weekly bath, notably on a Friday night.

Now, this empty building with two swimming pools became silent and the voices of children playing, and competitors cheering had gone. Those who used to sing as they washed away the dirt and grime of a week’s labour were no longer heard. The only sound came later as the wreckers ball removed all physical evidence of the baths which quickly disappeared, but like myself the sounds remain in my memories.

© Dr. Richard Talbot, MBE, M.Phil, F.R.Hist.S.

References

[1] Warrillow E. A Sociological History of the City of Stoke-on-Trent. Etruscan Publication, 1960

[2] ditto

[3] Staffordshire Advertiser 7 April 1849

[4] Herbert Minton 1783-1858. He succeeded his father Thomas Minton (the founder of the business) upon his death in 1836.

5 Staffordshire Advertiser 9^th February 1856

6 ibid 13^th March 1856  

7 Staffordshire Advertiser 13^th March 1856

8 Ditto 13^th April 1856 – Glebeland by rite belonged to the Rector of Stoke as part of his living.

9 Hanley Archives Minton Minute Book 28^th April 1856

[10] This is referring to the first Town Hall and Market beneath built in Hill Street

[11] Hanley Archives Minton Minute Book 1^st May 1856

[12] Staffordshire Advertiser 20^th September 1856

[13] Minute 8^th December 1856

[14] Minutes 29^th April 1857

[15] Minutes 1^st May 1857

[16] Hanley Archives, Minton Minute Book 25^th June 1857

[17] Staffordshire Advertiser 4^th July 1857

[18] Staffordshire Advertiser 3^rd July 1858

[19] Staffordshire Advertiser 24 July 1858

[20] Staffordshire Advertiser 24 July 1858

[21] Hanley Archives. Stoke-upon-Trent Library and Baths Minute Book 20 August 1879.

[22] Stoke upon Trent Baths and Sanitary minute book 18 November 1879.

[23] Ditto 4 May 1880

[24] Staffordshire Advertiser 21 January 1860

[25] William Keary had a street named after him, Keary Street, off Fletcher Road, Stoke.

[26] Staffordshire Advertiser 25 February 1860

[27] Staffordshire Advertiser 27 April 1861

[28] Staffordshire Advertiser 12 May 1861

[29] A Duckett Lavatory invented by Mr. Duckett. It proceeded the flush lavatory used mostly in the potteries from c1880.

[30] Staffordshire Advertiser 20 October 1869

[31] Hanley Archives, Minton Minute Book 19 April 1861

[32] Staffordshire Advertiser 27 April 1863

[33] Staffordshire Advertiser 12 May 1861

[34] Staffordshire Sentinel 15 December 1863

[35] Staffordshire Sentinel Letter to the Editor 15 August 1863

[36] Staffordshire Sentinel 16 October 1863

[37] Staffordshire Sentinel 12 October 1872

[38] Hanley Archives. Library and Baths Committee Minute book 13 April 1882.

[39] Ditto 10 June 1882 and 14 Jine 1883

[40] Ditto 13 April 1882

[41] Ditto 14 June 1883

[42] Ditto 25 March 1886

[43] Ditto 7 June 1887

[44] Stoke upon Trent Minute book 20 July 1890

[45] Staffordshire Sentinel 26 July 1923

[46] Hanley Archives. Stoke-upon-Trent Sanitary and Baths Committee Minutes. 5 May 1888

[47] Ditto 10 May 1888

[48] Staffordshire Sentinel 11 July 1929

[49] Staffordshire Sentinel 12 October 1921

[50] Staffordshire Sentinel 11 July 1929

[51] Staffordshire Sentinel 28 February 1936. Stoke Baths proposal defer £81,000 scheme.

[52] Staffordshire Sentinel 23 October 1936

[53] Staffordshire Sentinel 26 May 1938

[54] Staffordshire Sentinel 17 June 1938

[55] Staffordshire Sentinel 28 April 1939

[56] Staffordshire Sentinel 26 September 1940

[57] Staffordshire Sentinel 2 January 1943

[58] Staffordshire Sentinel 22 April 1945

[59] Staffordshire Sentinel 12 March 1960

[60] Staffordshire Sentinel 29 July 1960

[61] Staffordshire Sentinel 14 August 1964

[62] Staffordshire Sentinel 29 January 1976

[63] Staffordshire Sentinel 21 October 1976

[64] Staffordshire Sentinel 14 January 1978